Peer-Reviewed Governance

Scientific Advisory Board

Our standards are continuously vetted by world-class climate researchers, software engineers, and environmental policy experts to ensure mathematical rigor in digital GHG calculations.

Scientific Integrity

Complying with GHG Protocol Product Life Cycle Standards

Board Members & Chief Scientists

Distinguished academics leading research in energy grid modeling, data center power usage effectiveness (PUE), and telecommunication carbon intensity.

Climate Physics & Data Grids

Dr. Aris Thorne

Head of Scientific Research

Specializes in estimating hourly marginal carbon intensity factors across European and North American power grids.

Ph.D. Imperial College

Digital Life Cycle Assessment

Prof. Elena Vance

Senior LCA Research Fellow

Pioneer in full-stack digital LCA frameworks, accounting for embodied hardware emissions and network transit loads.

D.Sc. ETH Zürich

Green Software Architecture

Dr. Marcus Sterling

Green Systems Architect

Former lead systems engineer focusing on low-level memory efficiency and CPU instruction reduction in web runtimes.

Ph.D. Stanford University

Carbon Calculation Model (SWD 4.0)

Our mathematical formulation calculates grams of CO2 equivalent ($gCO_2e$) per web session using four primary variables:

CO2e = Data (GB) × 0.81 kWh/GB × Grid Intensity (gCO2e/kWh)

Segmented Energy Allocation Dividing energy consumption across Data Center (15%), Telecom Network (14%), End-User Device (52%), and Hardware Manufacturing (19%).
Dynamic Grid Intensity Matching Adjusting carbon intensity per kilowatt-hour based on server hosting location and renewable energy PPA matching.

Published Whitepapers

Download our peer-reviewed research papers and open-source carbon accounting documentation.

Global Web Carbon Benchmark 2025 PDF • 4.2 MB • Peer Reviewed

Energy Efficiency in Modern JavaScript Runtimes PDF • 2.8 MB • IEEE Proceedings